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Introduction Tree of Attacks with Pruning (TAP) uses an LLM to iteratively generate and refine candidate attack prompts through tree-of-thoughts reasoning. The process continues until a prompt successfully jailbreaks the…
Much of the AI-based vulnerability research work that has been done up to now centers on user-mode application and OS code, with some recent work done on kernel internals. Very…
Introduction Have you ever wondered how a Large Language Model (LLM) like ChatGPT actually reads and understands text? The answer begins with something called a tokenizer. A tokenizer is the…
This blog post is a continuation of the previous entry “Harnessing the Power of Cobalt Strike Profiles for EDR Evasion“ and its follow-up, Part 2. Following the release of Cobalt…
In increasingly restrictive corporate environments, deploying and maintaining C2 implants on Windows systems presents unique challenges. Signed execution policies, strict network controls, advanced segmentation, and continuous software behavior monitoring severely…
In the prior two blogs within this UEFI Vulnerability Analysis using AI series, I described my research on analyzing enormous codebases, starting with UEFI firmware. The first two articles dealt…
Introduction For years, External C2 has been regarded as one of the most effective ways to bypass EDR and XDR solutions thanks to its ability to support custom-built egress channels.…
In my Part 1 article on this topic, I used the ChatGPT frontier model to perform something that was previously unthinkable: an accurate machine analysis of OpenSSL vulnerabilities in the…
Introduction to LLVM and LLVM IR In the evolving landscape of offensive security research, traditional code execution techniques face increasing scrutiny from modern detection systems. As a result, both offensive…
Overview Agentic AI development is undergoing a rapid uptake as organizations seek methods to incorporate generative AI models into application workflows. In this blog, we will look at the components…
In many enterprise environments, backup infrastructure is treated as a “supporting system” rather than a high-value security asset. But during real red team engagements, backup servers often expose some of…
UEFI vulnerabilities are “the next frontier” in attack vectors, as boot firmware can be persistent on any given target, and runtime services will persist even after an operating system is…
In the first part of this series, we explored the methodology to identify vulnerable drivers and understand how they can expose weaknesses within Windows. That foundation gave us the tools…
In Part 1 of this article series, I demonstrated the configuration steps for using natural language processing in analyzing a Windows crash dump. In this blog, I dive far deeper,…
In today’s cloud-driven world, security isn’t just about preventing entry. It is about ensuring that once a threat is discovered, it can’t silently return. In Google Cloud Platform (GCP), attackers…
Introduction AI attacks have undergone significant evolution since the release of ChatGPT in 2022. Initially, there were minimal safeguards in place, allowing individuals to easily create basic malicious prompts that…
Vulnerable kernel drivers are one of the most reliable stepping stones for privilege escalation and system compromise. Even when patched, many of these drivers linger in the wild: signed, trusted,…
Earlier this year, Sven Scharmentke wrote an article entitled The Future of Crash Analysis: AI Meets WinDBG, documenting a fascinating project using AI to analyze Windows crash dumps. This article…
CPU instruction trace is a powerful but underutilized technology, when it comes to reverse engineering and threat analysis. This article compares and contrasts two types: WinDbg Time Travel Debugging, and…
WKL is releasing a new tool focusing on Azure DevOps enumeration with an emphasis on cases where you as an attacker don’t have a username and password to log into…
Attackers can exploit improperly secured Azure DevOps pipelines to execute malicious code on self-hosted on-premises agents creating a direct path from cloud environments to internal infrastructure. In this post, we’ll…
In this blog post, we will explore type confusion vulnerabilities in Windows kernel drivers. Type confusion occurs when a program mistakenly treats a piece of memory as a different object…
In this blog post, we will explore different types of out-of-bounds (OOB) vulnerabilities in Windows kernel drivers. Our objective is to demonstrate how simple mistakes in memory management, structure handling,…
In this blog post, we’ll explore one of the classic yet dangerous bugs—null pointer dereference. We’ll break down what it really means, build a custom vulnerable driver, and see firsthand…
In this blog post, we will explore some of the most powerful and commonly abused vulnerabilities in kernel-mode: arbitrary access primitives. From reading kernel memory and hijacking execution flows, to…
What is Double-Free? A double-free vulnerability occurs when a program frees the same memory block multiple times. This typically happens when ExFreePoolWithTag or ExFreePool is called twice on the same…
In this blog post, we’ll explore use-after-free (UAF) vulnerabilities in Windows kernel drivers. We will start by developing a custom vulnerable driver and analyzing how UAF occurs. Additionally, we will…
In this blog post, we will explore integer overflows in Windows kernel drivers and cover how arithmetic operations can lead to security vulnerabilities. We will analyze real-world cases, build a…
This blog post is a continuation of the previous entry “Harnessing the Power of Cobalt Strike Profiles for EDR Evasion“, we covered the malleable profile aspects of Cobalt Strike and…
In this blog post, we will explore buffer overflows in Windows kernel drivers. We’ll begin with a brief discussion of user-to-kernel interaction via IOCTL (input/output control) requests, which often serve…
This blog covers Windows pool memory from scratch, including memory types, debugging in WinDbg, and analyzing pool tags. We’ll also use a custom tool to enumerate pool tags effortlessly and…
What are Callbacks? Certain Windows APIs support passing a function pointer as one of its parameters. This parameter is then called when a particular event is triggered, or a scenario…
Asking any offensive security researcher how an EDR could be bypassed will result one of many possible answers, such as removing hooks, direct syscalls, indirect syscalls, etc. In this blog…
This blog post delves into the inner workings of mt_rand(), exposing its weaknesses and demonstrating how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. We’ll examine real-world scenarios and provide insights into more…
In the ever-evolving landscape of web application security testing, selecting the right tools is crucial for ensuring robust security measures. Two prominent contenders in this field are Burp Suite and…
This will be a multi-part blog series on abusing logic apps. In this blog, we will cover a few scenarios on how we can leverage our privileges on our storage…
A thread pool is a collection of worker threads that efficiently execute asynchronous callbacks on behalf of the application. The thread pool is primarily used to reduce the number of…
This article will demonstrate one situation discovered during a recent cloud penetration test that allowed us to pivot from a Microsoft cloud environment to on-premise machines via PSRemoting. Yes, you read the above…
In the evolving landscape of digital security, two prominent challenges emerge that pose significant threats to the integrity of online systems and user data: anti-cheat bypass and EDR bypass. These…
What is the Flipper Zero? The Flipper Zero can best be described as a hardware hacking multi-tool. The Flipper Zero is an open-sourced hardware, hand-held device. The ability to explore…
A new post from Security Joes brought attention to a process injection technique previously underutilized in offensive security. The RWX injection primitive, now dubbed “Mockingjay,” offers attackers an advantage to…
Winsock is an API (Application Programming Interface) that provides a standardized interface for network programming in the Windows operating system. It enables applications to establish network connections and send and…
I was recently browsing a large online retailer and came across this headline for a product: BOBLOV KJ21 Body Camera, 1296P Body Wearable Camera Support Memory Expand Max 128G 8-10Hours…
Introduction In this article, we’ll look at a Python script that uses Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to remotely control a target computer. The script makes use of COM to communicate…
In this blog post, we will go through the importance of each profile’s option, and explore the differences between default and customized Malleable C2 profiles used in the Cobalt Strike…
Introduction Phishing continues to be a lucrative vector for adversaries year after year. In 2022, for intrusions observed by Mandiant, phishing was the second most utilized vector for initial access.…
This article is a demonstration of memory-based detection and evasion techniques. Whenever you build a Command & Control or you perform threat hunting, there will be scenarios when you might…
Introduction Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) is becoming increasingly popular due to its effectiveness in gathering information. The purpose of this blog is to explore the use of LinkedIn, Illicit Services,…
Our team began almost five years ago to give companies the best possible digital experience. After all this time, we’re happy to report that not only are we making progress,…
EDR products have the option of using multiple sources to collect information on a Widows operating system. One of these log sources is ETW (Event Tracing for Windows). ETW consumers…
EDR (Endpoint Detection and Response) products attempt to detect misbehavior that slightly deviates from the baseline, by continuously analyzing the memory for inter-process interactions. While a few so-called EDRs are…
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